What is Cardiovascular Disease?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a
group of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Common CVDs include:
ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic
heart disease (RHD), aortic aneurysms, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation,
congenital heart disease, endocarditis, and peripheral artery disease (PAD),
among others.
The underlying mechanisms differ
depending on the disease in question. IHD, stroke, and PAD involve
atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes,
lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive
alcohol, among others. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while
tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Others such
as RHD may follow untreated streptococcal infections of the throat. Heart and blood vessel disease — also called heart disease —
includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called
atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance
called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the
arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it
can stop the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.
Risk Factors for CAD |
Types of CAD
A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the
heart is blocked by a blood clot. If this clot cuts off the blood flow
completely, the part of the heart muscle supplied by that artery begins to die.
Most people survive their first heart attack and return to their normal lives
to enjoy many more years of productive activity. But having a heart attack does
mean you have to make some changes. The doctor will advise you of medications
and lifestyle changes according to how badly the heart was damaged and what
degree of heart disease caused the heart attack.
An ischemic stroke (the most common type) happens when a
blood vessel that feeds the brain gets blocked, usually from a blood clot. When
the blood supply to a part of the brain is shut off, brain cells will die. The
result will be the inability to carry out some of the previous functions as
before like walking or talking. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel
within the brain bursts. The most likely cause is uncontrolled hypertension.
Some effects of stroke are
permanent if too many brain cells die after a stroke due to lack of blood and
oxygen to the brain. These cells are never replaced. The good news is that some
brain cells don't die — they're only temporarily out of order. Injured cells
can repair themselves. Over time, as the repair takes place, somebody
functioning improves. Also, other brain cells may take control of those areas
that were injured. In this way, strength may improve, speech may get better and
memory may improve. This recovery process is what rehabilitation is all about.
Learn more about stroke.
Heart failure: This doesn't mean
that the heart stops beating. Heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart
failure, means the heart isn't pumping blood as well as it should. The heart
keeps working, but the body's need for blood and oxygen isn't being met. Heart
failure can get worse if it's not treated. If your loved one has heart failure,
it's very important to follow the doctor's orders. Learn more about heart
failure.
Arrhythmia: This is an abnormal
rhythm of the heart. There are various types of arrhythmias. The heart can beat
too slowly, too fast or irregularly. Bradycardia is when the heart rate is less
than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is when the heart rate is more than 100
beats per minute. An arrhythmia can affect how well the heart works. The heart
may not be able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Heart valve problems: When heart
valves don't open enough to allow the blood to flow through as it should, it's
called stenosis. When the heart valves don't close properly and allow blood to
leak through, it's called regurgitation. When the valve leaflets bulge or
prolapse back into the upper chamber, it’s a condition called mitral valve
prolapse. When this happens, they may not close properly. This allows blood to
flow backward through them. Discover more about the roles your heart valves play
in healthy circulation.
It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable. Prevention
of atherosclerosis is by decreasing risk factors through: healthy eating,
exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating high
blood pressure and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep
throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of RHD. The effect of the use of
aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit. The USPSTF recommends against its use for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, in those who are older it is recommends in some individuals. Treatment of those who have CVD improves outcomes.
What is CVD?- Video
Cases of CVD
Cardiovascular diseases are the
leading cause of death globally. This is true in all areas of the world except
Africa. Together they resulted in 17.3 million deaths (31.5%) in 2013 up from
12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common
and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have
declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. IHD and stroke account
for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females. Most
cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people
between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between
60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD. The average age of death from
IHD in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing
world. Disease onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared
to women.
Risk factors For CVD
There are several risk factors
for heart diseases: age, gender, tobacco use, physical inactivity, excessive
alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, family history of cardiovascular
disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar (diabetes
mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), psycho-social factors,
poverty and low educational status, and air pollution. While the individual
contribution of each risk factor varies between different communities or ethnic
groups the overall contribution of these risk factors is very consistent. Some of these risk factors, such as age, gender or family history, are
immutable; however, many important cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable
by lifestyle change, social change, drug treatment and prevention of hypertension,
hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.
Age
Age is by far the most important
risk factor in developing cardiovascular or heart diseases, with approximately
a tripling of risk with each decade of life. It is estimated that 82 percent of
people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 and older. At the same time,
the risk of stroke doubles every decade after age 55.
Multiple explanations have been
proposed to explain why age increases the risk of cardiovascular/heart
diseases. One of them is related to serum cholesterol level. In most
populations, the serum total cholesterol level increases as age increases. In
men, this increase levels off around age 45 to 50 years. In women, the increase
continues sharply until age 60 to 65 years. Aging is also associated with
changes in the mechanical and structural properties of the vascular wall, which
leads to the loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance and
may subsequently lead to coronary artery disease.
Sex
Men are at greater risk of heart
disease than pre-menopausal women. Once past menopause, it has been
argued that a woman's risk is similar to a man's although more recent data
from the WHO and UN disputes this. If a female has diabetes, she is more
likely to develop heart disease than a male with diabetes.
Coronary heart diseases are 2 to
5 times more common among middle-aged men than women. In a study done by
the World Health Organization, sex contributes to approximately 40% of the
variation in sex ratios of coronary heart disease mortality. Another study
reports similar results finding that gender differences explains nearly half
the risk associated with cardiovascular diseases One of the proposed
explanations for gender differences in cardiovascular diseases is hormonal
difference. Among women, estrogen is the predominant sex hormone. Estrogen
may have protective effects through glucose metabolism and hemostatic system,
and may have direct effect in improving endothelial cell function. The
production of estrogen decreases after menopause, and this may change the
female lipid metabolism toward a more atherogenic form by decreasing the HDL
cholesterol level while increasing LDL and total cholesterol levels.
Among men and women, there are
notable differences in body weight, height, body fat distribution, heart rate,
stroke volume, and arterial compliance. In the very elderly people,
age-related large artery pulsatility and stiffness is more pronounced among
women than men. This may be caused by the women's smaller body size and
arterial dimensions which are independent of menopause.
Tobacco
Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers.Physical inactivity
Insufficient physical activity
(defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less
than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week) is currently the fourth
leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. In 2008, 31.3% of adults aged
15 or older (28.2% men and 34.4% women) were insufficiently physically
active. The risk of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus is reduced
by almost a third in adults who participate in 150 minutes of moderate physical
activity each week (or equivalent). In addition, physical activity assists
weight loss and improves blood glucose control, blood pressure, lipid profile
and insulin sensitivity. These effects may, at least in part, explain its
cardiovascular benefits.
Excessive alcohol consumption
The relationship between alcohol
consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount
of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of
alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Drinking at low
levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated with a reduced risk
of cardiovascular disease. Overall alcohol consumption at the population
level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential
benefits.
Unhealthy diet
High dietary intakes of saturated
fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are
linked to cardiovascular risk, although whether all these associations are
causal is disputed. The World Health Organization attributes approximately 1.7
million deaths worldwide to low fruit and vegetable consumption.The amount
of dietary salt consumed is also an important determinant of blood pressure levels
and overall cardiovascular risk. Frequent consumption of high-energy foods,
such as processed foods that are high in fats and sugars, promotes obesity and
may increase cardiovascular risk. High trans-fat intake has adverse effects
on blood lipids and circulating inflammatory markers, and elimination of
trans-fat from diets has been widely advocated. There is evidence that
higher consumption of sugar is associated with higher blood pressure and
unfavorable blood lipids, and sugar intake also increases the risk of
diabetes mellitus. High consumption of processed meats is associated with
an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly in part due to increased
dietary salt intake.
Prevention for CVD
Currently practiced measures to prevent cardiovascular disease include:
- A low-fat, high-fiber diet including whole grains and fruit and vegetables. Five portions a day reduce risk by about 25%.
- Tobacco cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke.
- Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits; consumption of 1–2 standard alcoholic drinks per day may reduce risk by 30%. However, excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Lower blood pressures, if elevated
- Decrease body fat if overweight or obese.
- Increase daily activity to 30 minutes of vigorous exercise per day at least five times per week (multiply by three if horizontal);
- Reduce sugar consumptions.
- Decrease psychosocial stress. This measure may be complicated by imprecise definitions of what constitute psychosocial interventions.Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia is associated with an increased risk of heart problems in those with previous heart disease. Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in some people. Stress, however, plays a relatively minor role in hypertension. Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit.
- For adults without a known diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or cardiovascular disease, routine counseling to advise them to improve their diet and increase their physical activity has not been found to significantly alter behavior, and thus is not recommended. It is unclear whether or not dental care in those with periodontitis affects the risk of cardiovascular disease. Exercise in those who are at high risk of heart disease has not been well studied as of 2014.
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